Hi Randall.
A strange problem and where to start fault diagnosis?
Firstly, for peace-of-mind if nothing else, if you haven’t already done so run a system scan with the free version of Malwarebytes, just to eliminate the remote possibility that a keyboard logger has wormed it’s way into your macOS, key echoing is a signature of poorly written keyboard logger malware.
Assuming Malwarebytes finds nothing suspicious, do you see the same behaviour across multiple apps, i.e, Notepad, Textedit, Pages, Word (if installed), Terminal, or is just one app that has this problem?
Do you use dictation support on your MacBook?
Don’t laugh but one of our office staff regularly dons headphones while transcribing documents and when concentrating hard has a tendency to speak the words out loud as she types, cue multiple word insertions as dictation service battles with the keyboard for supremacy…
Is there sufficient free memory and free disk space available?
Some apps, like MS Word for Mac, backup the document on a fixed time schedule, once every minute usually, but can be configured by the user to a different period.
If the document is very large and memory or disk space is limited, or multiple apps are open at the same time, then the cached text input may become out-of-step with the live document while the scheduled document backup is in progress, after the doc backup completes the cached text input catches up with the live document again leading to overtyping, if this is the problem you would become aware that this is occurring with a very regular time period.
Last question I can think to ask, do you see the same issue when the MacBook is running in Safe-Mode?
Safe-Mode performs rather slowly and so there will be some lag anyway when typing but it may help if the problem is not present in Safe-Mode as that may point the finger at some other service running on your MacBook when in Normal-Mode.
See this linked doc for help using Safe-Mode:
https://support.apple.com/en-gb/HT201262
If nothing above is of any help run the basic free-version Etrecheck scan on your MacBook, when asked, allow Etrecheck full disk access for the scan and post the output report in your reply and hopefully one of the Mac experts here will spot something in the report relevant to the problem. Etrecheck does not log personally identifiable information in its scan report and is quite safe.
https://etrecheck.com/
HTH.
Will.