I have the same problem since "upgrading" to Monterey. MacBook Pro 2018, 16 GB RAM, 1 TB drive.
I used TG-Pro to create my own fan curve and let TG-Pro ran the fans. Works fine, most of the time. Monterey wants to run the fans at 6,000+ RPM all the time.
Like other users, I am doing nothing that would or should stress the CPU. But there is nothing I can do when the CPU load spokes and triggers Core Duet, that launches Kernel-Task and starts to throttle my machine. Audio gets choppy, video freezes, keyboard stops responding, meanwhile the temperature sensors are all nominal. If I could fund a way to remove or disable kernel-task, my machine would likely actually run cool and quiet.
Everything worked great under Big Sur, and I am so sorry I upgraded to an OS that is designed to use low heat, no fans, M-1 processors.
Well, I don't have an M-1, I have Intel processors for the foreseeable future. Either my hardware is broken or Apple's software is broken.
So far, I have read all the well-meaning advice, and none of it is a bit useful. There is nothing wrong with your SMC, nothing wrong with your fans, third-party apps are not the problem either.
Firefox may be part of the problem as with all its compartments and fences, it uses a ton of CPU.
Something unknown is loading the CPU but not raising the temperatures high enough on any sensor. The computer thinks it is overheating and seeks to throttle itself when, in fact, everything is running within Intel's chip specification for temperature.
BTW, the Built-In Security is NOT all that is needed. The built-in security doesn't stop ads.