I do not think you can do that.
Using Shortcuts, you can create a new personal automation on iPhone or iPad (as per this support page:--> Create a new personal automation in Shortcuts on iPhone or iPad – Apple Support (UK) ), at a specific hour everyday, but, to my knowledge, if in Shortcuts you select Settings among Apps choice, it lets you include other "accessibility actions" like classic or smart inversion, increase contrast, etc, but not Color Filters.
You might submit your request to Apple directly, using this link:--> Apple – Product Feedback
Regards
Giulio