phone has a broken screen and I can't access it to set up a new phone.

You can’t use Quick Start now, but if you have a backup, you can transfer the backup to the new phone even if the old phone no longer works.

See this for help and bear in mind that Quick Start will not work now.

Transfer data from your previous iOS or iPadOS device to your new iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch - Apple Support

If you don’t have a backup at all, you will have to set up the new phone from scratch.