and then it asks me to enter my payment information, but nothing happens.
You may need to have a payment method on file, even if the app you want to download is free.Â
 👉 Sign in to your Apple ID account page and edit / update your Apple ID details.
https://appleid.apple.com
On the Sidebar click Payment methods -> then tap Payments Methods and tap Manage payment method.
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See also the following Apple articles:
Change, add or remove Apple ID payment methods
Change, add or remove Apple ID payment methods – Apple Support (UK)
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Add money to your Apple ID balance
Add money to your Apple ID balance – Apple Support (UK)
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Payment methods you can use with your Apple ID
Payment methods you can use with your Apple ID – Apple Support (UK)
an Apple pop up shows up and it asks for my password
Require a password for App Store and iTunes purchases
Require a password for App Store and iTunes purchases - Apple Support