The current ones packaged with all new iPhones are USB-C to Lightning. USB-C is the current latest USB plug standard designed to provide several different voltages, although the only ones that the latest iPhones current use provide 5V/9V. The cables have one USB-C end and one Lightning end. They should be capable of the maximum power, which is 20W with a suitable power adapter.
This will have the ones for sale in the United States to use standard two-prong outlets for bladed plugs, but there will be similar ones sold that will work in the outlet type that you have. Some of them are Apple's modular system with a plug that attaches to a general power adapter than can take any plug.
About Apple USB power adapters - Apple Support
With a USB-C to Lightning cable, the max power input that an iPhone can take is 20W at 9V (2.22A). That's what the 20W power adapter is rated to provide.
With a USB-A to Lightning cable, the max power input that an iPhone can take is 10.5W at 5V (2.1A). What Apple provides is either the 10W or 12W one primarily designed for iPads (and previously packaged with them) although they're really just general purpose power adapters. However, what Apple computers would put out would be 2.1 A or 10.5W when connected to an iPhone. There are quite a few third party power adapters that are rated at 2.1A/5V. This would be the older style. This one can provide more than 2.1A but if you use it with an iPhone it won't use more than 2.1A by design.
You can buy cables and power adapters that aren't Apple. Apple does have a program where they certify third-party products as suitable for use with Apple products, called "Made for iPhone/iPad/iPod" and you'll often seen them sold as "MFi certified".
I really wouldn't worry about using a well made USB-A power adapter. I have heard that some sellers of Apple devices claim that only Apple USB-C power adapters are suitable for the latest iPhones, but that's simply not true. However, there is a lot of junk out there, including counterfeits of Apple, so be careful. I personally use power adapters with the Apple, Belkin, and Amazon brands as well as some that are pretty good even if they're not some big brand name.
I'd really recommend having spares. I mostly use MFi cables and have perhaps over two dozen Apple and MFi cables around the house, in bags, and in my car. Cables can fail eventually (even Apple) and I find it convenient to have extras lying around or just have a convenient one lying around.