Charging for iPad and iPhone…
Will using the same charger for an iPhone and iPad damage the actual charger itself? Or slow it down in any way? My devices are the iPhone XS Max and the iPad air 2
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It won't harm the power adapter.
Also see the following from Charge your iPhone with an iPad or Mac notebook power adapter - Apple Support
You can use Apple USB power adapters for iPad and Mac notebooks to charge iPhone, iPod, Apple Watch, AirPods, and other Apple products.