Uninstalling Preview is not an option since it's an integral part of macOS. However, it is possible to reinstall your current version of macOS and all of it's components without wiping out any of your user data.
Reinstalling macOS does not have to erase your user data. The only time that should happen is if you choose to delete, erase, format or partition your startup drive. You won't do that at this time.
If you select Reinstall macOS High Sierra from the macOS Utilities window after rebooting in Recovery mode, the OS should be reinstalled on top of the current installation, thereby refreshing any missing or damaged files within the current macOS version. That is assuming that the drive device and volumes are healthy.
As always, it is recommended to back up your Mac before attempting this... just in case.
Back up your Mac with Time Machine - Apple Support
To non-destructively reinstall macOS as a troubleshooting measure - without deleting user files, documents, pics and vids, etc. – boot your Mac in Recovery mode by restarting and when you hear the startup chime press the Command-R (⌘R) keys until you see the Apple logo and progress bar.
Follow the onscreen instructions to “Reinstall macOS…”.
How to reinstall macOS - Apple Support
NOTE– You should not have to delete, erase, format, partition or otherwise alter your startup disk for this. If that becomes an option, quit the process and restart your Mac normally. Then come back here for additional advice.