iPhone Cannot Connect to iCloud

My iPhone 13 cannot connect to iCloud through Settings -> Apple ID. There is no issue with my Apple ID or password. I can successfully log into the App Store and onto iCloud.com through a web browser. When I go to settings -> Apple ID -> iCloud to turn iCloud on, I get the error message that says “Could Not Sign In. Unable to validate account“ (below).

I have talked to Apple support three times, each time lasting a couple of hours and elevated to a higher levels of support. Despite their best efforts and advice, they have not been able to resolve this issue. I have gone through all the troubleshooting steps with them and their last recommendation was to completely erase the iPhone and restore it. However, I have tried to erase all data in settings but the iPhone simply does not respond and returns me to the home screen when I tap on that link in the Settings -> General menu.

I have signed out of everything that uses my Apple ID, I have powered the phone off and on again, I have deleted all VPN configurations, I have turned of screen time and find my phone, and I have Take notes of all of these attempts.

This issue began when I bought the iPhone 13 and transferred all of my apps and data from my iPhone 7 Plus. I have tried to connect my old iPhone to iCloud, and that doesn’t work either. I believe the problem persists through the back up that I made half my iPhone 7 Plus and restore it onto the iPhone 13, but I’m not sure. Neither phone can connect to iCloud.

I create an Apple ID using an iCloud email and was able to connect my iPhone 13 to iCloud using that new Apple ID, so that tells me it’s not the phone itself.

I appreciate any ideas or suggestions, as well as any troubleshooting the community can provide.