Apple ID sign out for more iCloud storage and reset

I had to reset my iPhone to regain some storage by signing out with my Apple ID. I went to go sign back in with the same exact Apple ID and password that it used to sign me out, and it would not except the password.! This is the second device I have lost this way, and I can’t recovery and waiting two weeks with no phone is excruciating! I wish I really could understand what the **** is going on! If anybody could help it would be wonderful and also why would it sign me out with the same password but not sign me back in sounds a little nutty to me! Any and all info that anybody has would be very much appreciated thanks for reading