iPhone won't connect to Xcode, Music or Finder

My computer is a MacBook Pro running OS X 12.5 (21G72). My phone is an iPhone SE Gen 2) running iOS 15.6. Xcode is Version 13.4.1 (13F100).

I recently tried connecting my phone to my computer (Finder or Music) in order to transfer files. Upon connecting, my device name is visible in the sidebar and I am able to select the device, but the application window displays `loading` and shows a progress spinner. After a few minutes, the device is still visible in the sidebar, but the application window reports `The selected device could not be found.`

There is a support article describing what to do if your computer doesn't recognize a connected device (If your computer doesn't recognize your iPhone, iPad, or iPod - Apple Support) but in my situation this is not helpful. I am able to see my connected device in the System Information app, and both my iPhone and computer are already running the most recent OS updates.

Previously, I have been able to connect to my phone in Xcode in order to run and test apps on it, but now my device is also not available in Xcode. As the image below shows, Xcode reports that it has recently restarted, and will be available when the device is unlocked.

In all situations described above, my phone has been connected to a USB 3.1 port, unlocked, and on the home screen. No alerts have appeared in regards to trusting a computer. My device is being charged by my computer, and appears in the finder sidebar, as well as the Xcode devices menu.