This gets tricky, but…
For "spam prevention" reasons, Verizon is known to accept some messages at their vtext.com gateway… that they don't bother to actually deliver.
Among other things, they will not forward on email that appears to come from a financial institution because 99% of emails to that gateway from "chase.com" for example are actually phishing attempts.
I can completely believe they may do the same for some messages coming from icloud.com given it's a free mail site; they may do the same for messages coming from say hotmail.com or gmail.com, too.
The easiest way to find out is to… contact Verizon. If you can reach a competent tech support person, they will be able to tell you by looking at their systems whether the email -> SMS message was received by their servers, and whether it was forwarded on to their SMS system.
They should be able to see that the message say came in from email but was not sent on; AT&T certainly can.
This is all getting even more complex as some carriers are also running their emails through something like SPAMAssassin which has its own logic as to whether it believes a message is spam or not that you will never see as vtext.com doesn't bounce SPAM email back to the sender, it silently discards it.
This is a link from 2016 discussing the blocking of email to text that appears to come from banking domains:
https://community.verizon.com/t5/Verizon-Messages/Not-receiving-messages-sent-to-myPhoneNumber-vtext-com/m-p/880768/highlight/true#M20608
Other threads show that if Verizon detects a higher than usual number of what it believes to be SPAM messages, it will just drop email to SMS messages from that domain; people trying to send SMS messages from a GMail account often find it will work and then one day will just stop working for some period of time, and it's because Verizon detected a high number of SPAM messages and is now blocking them. They won't answer further for "security reasons."
It's quite possible Verizon detected people creating iCloud email addresses and sending SPAM using them and decided to drop email to SMS service from icloud.com for some period of time.
Do you have another email address, like a corporate email address you could try using as the "from" address to see if the messages come through?
That should at least help narrow down whether it's Verizon's email to SMS gateway or your device.
One other possibility is since your message is always the same short text string, that may also have triggered Verizon's SPAM detection software, so you might want to try manually sending yourself a test message from that address with actual handwritten text of some other content, something like "This is a test to see if this message successfully makes it through the Verizon email to SMS gateway. Sent August 25, 2022 at 10:31:22."