Does iCloud backup include e-sim information that can be transferred to a new iPhone?

No. But the eSim can be transferred during setup of the new iPhone. Link-> About transferring eSIM to new iPhone - Apple Support

While you're setting up your iPhone, if you're asked to transfer your SIM, follow the onscreen instructions to transfer your physical SIM or eSIM. If you need to transfer more than one SIM to your new iPhone, transfer your additional SIMs following the steps below.