Internet Accounts not possible to add Google Account

I have a similar problem to this: Internet Accounts not working - Apple Community

but there is no solution mentioned in the original topic.

• I recently changed my Google password. I synced my Google account to Calendar on my Macbook ages ago, so logically I have to re-enter the new password to sync it again. Sure, no problem, right? Right...?
• When I want to add something to Calendar and it wants to sync to my Google account, I get a nice popup message in my right top corner to re-enter the password. I click it and get sent to System Preferences >> Internet Accounts.
• I get almost the same issue as the OP from the previous topic: I have to open a browser to authenticate. I have Chrome as my standard browser though. It wouldn't open. System Preferences just shows an empty message popup with a loading icon. I could only click cancel, the "open Safari" button was greyed out.
• I tried several times, restarted my computer, but no effect.
• Maybe it works to remove my Google account from my Macbook and then re-add it? So I remove the Google account, hoping I can add it.
• Almost the same problem: I click on the Google logo to add a Google account, I get a message "Google requires completing authentication in your web browser" so I click "Open browser", Chrome does actually open, but nothing more. I don't get prompted to enter any credentials anywhere. Cmd-tabbing from Chrome to System Preferences does not work properly when the empty message with loading icon is employed in System Preferences (in the background now), so I have to minimize apps to get to System Preferences to click "Cancel" there. I do not get the failed-message the OP from the other thread mentions.
• I tried multiple times. Disabled Chrome extensions Ecosia (automatic redirect from Google to ecofriendly search engine) and uBlock Origin (popup blocker), but it wouldn't help.

How can I fix this and add my Google Account properly to my Macbook again?

(I'm regularly good with computers, but not tech savvy enough to interpret stuff from Console. However I do know where to find it and know in theory what it's used for.)

Screenshot 1: System Preferences >> Internet Accounts, want to add Google account.

Screenshot 2: When I click the Google logo.

Screenshot 3: When I click "Open browser", this shows really quick before opening Chrome. Chrome does not prompt me to do anything and in case Chrome is already opened, it doesn't open a new tab. When I minimize Chrome to access System Preferences again (cmd-tabbing doesn't work), Cancel is the only option here.

(In the first instance, when my Google account was still on my Macbook, no browser did open and I had a greyed out button "Open Safari" on the right).