I should say that I have tried all "normal" troubleshooting steps commonly proposed for Mail errors, including deleting cache, prefs files, rebuilding the indexing by deleting envelope files etc etc.
But now I found a workaround. The issue I have is isolated to one of the mail accounts, which I found out by systematically disabling my mail accounts one by one in System Settings / Internet Accounts and unchecking the mail checkbox followed by restarting the Mail app.
Unchecking the culprit account (from one.com) made it possible to launch Mail and use it without crashes. However, if I close Mail and re-activate the account in System Settings, the crashes come back.
Interestingly, I found that I can enable the culprit account from within Mail itself (Mail Preferences / Accounts). Doing so activates the account and downloads all the messages. But if I then close and launch Mail, the crashing is back. This means that I unfortunately have to repeat the procedure everytime I want to launch Mail: 1. Go to System Preferences / Internet Accounts, 2) Uncheck mail for this specific account, 3) Launch Mail, 4) go to Mail preferences and turn on the account.
Apple still needs to fix this of course, but I hope this was helpful for some of you out there.