If it's the discrete graphics getting cranky, you might see if forcing use of the Intel integrated graphics helps avoid the crashes: https://gfx.io/
There's some apparent malware present. And what looks to be five? different VPNs. And Torrent. And Flash and Silverlight, both of which are long gone. Perian, too, is retiring. Java should probably be gone too, if you're not using that. Various kexts you may or many not still be using. Lots here to clean up.
And all that in 8 GB memory, which is far too little memory for all this. No upgrades for that on 2012-era Retina models, unfortunately. (And 256 GB storage is probably tight, too.)
With all the kexts and add-ons and what looks like malware and with a half-dozen VPNs and with apparent torrent usage, I'd be inclined to wipe and re-install. First-few-hops VPNs aren't known for their security, but can sometimes cause issues with IP routing and privacy. Torrents aren't in themselves bad, but cracked apps can contain surprises. And there's already some outdated and sketchy stuff showing up.
Whether your graphics might also be failing?
And flaky batteries can cause stability and heating issues, which can cause other problems.
Wipe this, reload it with macOS Catalina, and migrate files and documents and not apps, and load just the apps you need.
You'll want to be considering a replacement Mac, too. This one is seemingly approaching its useful limit.
