Apple Cash identity can’t be verified

See -> If your Apple Cash account is restricted or locked

If your Apple Cash account is restricted or locked - Apple Support

because my identity can’t be verified

To prevent fraud, ensure account security, and comply with regulations, your Apple Cash account may be restricted or locked. Your account may also be restricted if you dispute an unauthorized transaction with your bank and a chargeback is filed. 

Your account restriction or lock may be temporary until you verify your identity or while your account is under review, or you may need to contact Apple Support for next steps.

It would then tell me my information could not be verified based on what I entered.

Try this -> verify your payment information:

Sign in to your Apple ID account page and edit / update your Apple ID details.

https://appleid.apple.com                                                     

On the Sidebar click Payment methods -> then tap Payments Methods and tap Manage payment method.

but there was an issue with someone's software that wouldn't allow the verification process to be completed, leaving me with no recourse.

What do you mean by -> there was an issue with someone's software ?

Check ⤵️

Delete suspicious content from your devices

Delete suspicious content from your devices – Apple Support (UK)

Manage and use your Apple ID

Manage and use your Apple ID – Apple Support (UK)

Recognize and avoid phishing messages, phony support calls, and other scams

Recognize and avoid phishing messages, phony support calls, and other scams - Apple Support

If you think your Apple ID has been compromised

If you think your Apple ID has been compromised - Apple Support

Change weak or compromised passwords on iPhone

Change weak or compromised passwords on iPhone – Apple Support (UK)

See who has access to your device or accounts

See who has access to your iPhone or iPad – Apple Support (UK) 

Check your Apple ID device list to see where you're signed in

Check your Apple ID device list to find where you're signed in - Apple Support

• if you see devices that don't belong to you, delete from your account.

Never jailbroken your iPhone.

You need get help and assistant from Apple directly, see -> Contact Apple for support and service

Contact Apple for support and service – Apple Support (UK)