You can request the code be sent to a trusted phone number you have set if you have one, as described in the support document you posted from:
Get a text or phone call
If you don’t have a trusted device handy, you can have a verification code sent to your trusted phone number as a text message or phone call.
If you don't have a trusted number either, you need to request an account recovery:
If you still can't sign in
If you can’t sign in, reset your password, or receive verification codes, you can request account recovery to regain access to your account. Account recovery might take a few days or longer, depending on the specific account information you can provide to verify your identity.