How do you default appleid 2 factor to your phone number if you don't own any ios devices??

You can investigate adding more ways to get a code such as multiple telephone numbers where you can receive a text or a phone call. This is from the section "About trusted phone numbers and trusted devices" in the article: Two-factor authentication for Apple ID - Apple Support :

To see, add, or change your trusted phone numbers use one of these methods:

● On your iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch: Go to Settings > your name > Password & Security. Next to Trusted Phone Number, tap Edit.

● On a Mac computer choose Apple menu  > System Settings (or System Preferences), then click your name (or Apple ID). Click Password & Security, then add or remove a trusted phone number.

● Using a web browser: Go to the Account Security section of https://appleid.apple.com .

If you had set up an Account Recovery Contact ( Set up an account recovery contact - Apple Support ) you can also get a code that way.

It will send to all your trusted items. If you're worried about your laptop then consider making it more secure. or remove it from your trusted devices. Somebody would have to know your Apple ID AND password AND have access to your laptop in order to get into your account. If somebody steals your laptop then I doubt they would have the others, or you have bigger concerns.

You should be able to use a landline.

You can't tell it to which device to send a code.