I am seeing this same issue. It doesn't happen when you initiate a message only when responding to a message. I double checked the CC and BCC options in settings that is not the issue. I suspect it may be an undocumented "feature". It seems to have popped up after the latest iOS update.
I have narrowed down to It happens when responding to a message that has been sent to you and you have a couple of rounds of back and forth emails, maybe something to do with subject line repeating and it trying to keep some type of thread in tact? I haven't been able to pin down what combo drives it but it happens pretty frequently with back and forth emails. The message is in your sent items in addition to a copy in your inbox. Whatever it is, its annoying, and creates extra emails I just have to delete (if I want to find a sent message that is why I have a sent mail folder). I want it turned off and can't figure out if there is a setting somewhere.