What is the resolution of the external monitor compared to the MBP? It might be at a lower resolution thus making everything larger, including the dividers between the columns.
As a test boot into Safe Mode according to How to use safe mode on your Mac and check to see if the issue persists. Reboot normally and check again.
NOTE 1: Safe Mode boot can take up to 3 - 5 minutes as it's doing the following;
• Verifies your startup disk and attempts to repair directory issues, if needed
• Loads only required kernel extensions (prevents 3rd party kernel/extensions from loading)
• Prevents Startup Items and Login Items from opening automatically
• Disables user-installed fonts
• Deletes font caches, kernel cache, and other system cache files
NOTE 2: if you have a wireless keyboard with rechargeable batteries connect it with its charging cable before booting into Safe Mode. This makes it act as a wired keyboard as will insure a successful boot into Safe Mode.
Also have you installed and run any "cleaning", "optimizing", "speed-up", anti-virus or VPN apps on your Mac?