Old phone screen broken put SIM card in new phone and didn’t get any of my data

Apple doesn't store data on a SIM card.

Make sure you are signed into you account and have activated all iCloud settings that you were using before. Change your iCloud settings - Apple Support

No data is stored on the SIM. Restore the backup of your old phone to the new one.

According to Apple:

You will need to connect your device to Wi-Fi or your device's cellular network.

Need more help?

• Chat now or call 1-800-APLCARE.
• International Support.

Click ▶︎ iPhone User Guide. 📖