If I delete my Apple ID, can I use the same phone number that I input in the deleted Apple ID into a new one?

If you are using this phone number as a trusted number I would think you would be able to do that since not everybody has their own phones. Plus eventually phone companies have to recycle numbers.

If you use a telephone number as an Apple ID then I don't know for sure. Apple typically will not let you reuse an email address for a different Apple ID, but for the same reasoning as I outlined in the first paragraph, telephone numbers may be different.

You may need to ask Apple:

Refer to this document for ways to contact Apple --> Choose your country or region - Official Apple Support

Select your country (also look for "other" regions), then a product. If you don't see one that handles your issue then keep experimenting with selections until you reach one that gets you a chat session or a telephone call and get the representative to redirect you.

or:

Contact Apple for support and service by telephone --> Contact Apple for support and service - Apple Support