If Safe Mode doesn't have the issue, then it may mean you have some third party software installed which is interfering with the normal operation of macOS. You can run EtreCheck and post the report here so we can examine it for clues. Typical culprits are anti-virus apps, cleaning/optimizer apps, and third party security software...none of which are needed on a Mac.
It may also mean one of your other external devices is causing a problem so try disconnecting all other external devices to see if you still get the disconnects when booted normally.
Make sure the SSD is connected directly to the Mac.
The USB-C ports can be half bad since they allow connectors to connect both ways. You can try rotating the USB-C connector 180 degrees upside down to see if that makes any difference. You may also want to try using another USB-C cable.
FYI, there appears to be an issue with the recent SanDisk Extreme SSDs where users are losing their data (older models appear Ok). So far SanDisk has not fixed the problem.
https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2023/05/sandisk-extreme-ssds-keep-abruptly-failing-firmware-fix-for-only-some-promised/
Make sure to have a good backup of the data on your external drive.