If you have a spare external drive, you could format it as Mac OS X Extended (Journaled), install an older version of macOS that is suitable for doing the conversion, and copy your Aperture library to the drive. You want to work from a copy, not from the original, in case something goes wrong.
If you're paranoid enough, you may want to make/update a backup of your Aperture library on another external drive, and then disconnect that external drive for the duration of the conversion.
Theh you could boot from the new external startup drive and do the conversion. If that succeeds and you are happy with the results, reboot from your Catalina startup disk, and copy the Photos Library (or the Lightroom Classic catalog, etc. and the photos it references) over to where you're going to store them long-term.
Note that if you already have a Photos Library under Catalina, you might not want to overwrite it. You can keep the new Photos Library under another name (e.g., "Aperture Photos Library") and switch between your Photos Libraries by holding down the Option key when launching Photos.
How to download macOS - Apple Support