Hey there O.marnas,
We're sorry to hear about your iPhone. For the question with your iCloud Photos, there could be a few reasons why they aren't showing or didn't sync. There is helpful guidance in this article: If your iCloud Photos aren't syncing to your device
If your iCloud storage is full or almost full
If you exceed your iCloud storage limit, photos and videos won't sync to iCloud and your library won’t stay up to date across your devices. To continue using iCloud Photos, you can upgrade your storage plan or reduce the amount of storage that you're using.
Your iPhone may have also shown they were waiting to sync or paused if your device was using Low Power Mode. Without being able to access your iPhone, we couldn't say for sure. If you had iCloud Photo Library enabled, they would only be synced or backed up through iCloud and not in a separate backup you created previously. You should be able to see any photos that were synced from your iPhone at the iCloud website from a computer web browser: iCloud
Best regards.