You don't tell us what is wrong with the broken laptop. Have you considered perhaps the hard drive is the part which is broken? Any Apple laptop with a hard drive (as opposed to an SSD) means it is really old...the MBPro 2012 model was sold until late 2016 and is the last laptop with a hard drive....that drive would be 7 years old and very likely worn out or even failing.
What is the make & model of the enclosure you are using for this hard drive? Many enclosures are just pure junk these days, so that is also an important consideration. As is the any adapters or cables being used to connect the drive to the other Mac. Things get a bit tricky as well if your other Mac is an Apple Silicon Mac since some external devices may not be compatible (usually older devices though).
Make sure to disconnect all other external devices and connect the hard drive directly to the Mac.
Was Filevault enabled on the broken Mac? What OS was being used on the broken Mac?
You can try checking the health of the hard drive by running DriveDx (free trial period), but you will need to install a special USB driver in order to attempt to access the health information on the external drive. Even with the special USB driver, the enclosure may not allow the necessary communication to access the health information on the hard drive. Post the complete DriveDx text report here using the "Additional Text" icon which looks like a piece of paper.