Hey there poolclnr,
Thanks for reaching out to Apple Support Communities. We'll be happy to help with your iCloud account. It sounds like Two-factor authentication is engaged and you don't have the old device or active phone number anymore, so you have a trusted phone number challenge. The following resource gives you information on Two-factor: Two-factor authentication for Apple ID - Apple Support
"To see, add, or change your trusted phone numbers:
- On your iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch: Go to Settings > your name > Password & Security. Next to Trusted Phone Number, tap Edit.
- On your Mac: Choose Apple menu > System Settings (or System Preferences), then click your name (or Apple ID). Click Password & Security, then add or remove a trusted phone number.
- Go to the Account Security section of appleid.apple.com." (taken from resource linked above)
Take care.