The tags appended to your post suggest that you have a fifth generation iPad Pro 12.9". I am also using this model - and have not experienced this issue with either iPadOS17 or iPadOS17.0.1 - despite having made several attempts to replicate the issue.
There have been multiple reports of dynamic volume controls being either unavailable, or unexpectedly reversed, after updating to iPadOS17.
For affected users, with iPad models that support enabling or disabling dynamic controls, changing settings does not appear to clear the problem. Similarly, for some, forced-restarts are also not resolving the issue.
iPadOS 17.0.1 has been released. While this update is primarily a security update, you should install this update - as it may also address this issue. If the iPadOS 17.0.1 update does not resolve the issue, you would be best advised to seek assistance directly from Apple Support. If the iPadOS 17.0.1 update does resolve the problem, for the benefit of others, please confirm resolution of the problem.
You can contact the Support Team using the Support link at top-right or bottom-left of this page. Alternatively, you can initiate and manage your support cases from Apple devices using the excellent Apple Support App. If not already installed, the App can be downloaded from the App Store:
https://apps.apple.com/app/apple-support/id1130498044
You should also submit a bug report to Apple using their Product Feedback portal - as Apple may only assign resources to investigate and resolve the problem if sufficient reports are received.
Feedback - iPad - Apple
When submitting your bug report, ensure that you include your iPad model and installed version of iPadOS within the body of your report. Please don't rely upon the pick-list - as this rarely includes the most recent releases in the list.