I'm very sorry to hear experiences like yours, even more after investing in such an expensive device.
Being Class Compliant it should not even need software or firmware updates, but may be back then the term "Class Compliant" was not even common, I really don't remember.
I dig a bit and found It will be hard Apogee itself release any firmware update if needed after calling End-Of-Life, so I would be already looking on how to go back to Ventura. Still I don't know who's to blame, Apogee, Apple, or both, but sure they would blame each other. Is it planned obsolescence (forbidden in the EU)? It's debatable based on licenses and what's indeed legal or illegal to do nor since when. Don't worry too much, Sonoma didn't improve my system and I keep fighting the same old bugs.
EOL notice link: https://apogeedigital.com/products/duet-for-ipad-and-mac-eol-statement
Specs link: https://apogeedigital.com/products/duet/specifications
The Apogee Duet reminds me of the "RME BabyFace Pro II"?, small form factor, cable breakout, nice for iPad/iPhone. I have no relation to them but I almost purchased it.
Instead I went much cheaper and purchased a EVO8, good for me. I tried it in Sonoma right now, but it gets listed in Audio Settings, using both USB-C and USB-A of Mac Mini M1.
I wish you find a solution for the original Apogee Duet, as I find no valid reason to add nonsense garbage to this planet, but I'd go back to Ventura and enjoy it, otherwise you'd be angry like me all day long, and that's insane, I tell you.