What iOS are you running to? Did you update it to the latest iOS 17.1.1? I lost cell service on my iphone 11 pro after upgrading the iOS from 17.1 to 17.1.1 and have no ability to add service back to it (whether it was a forced download of the eSIM from my carrier or eSIM QR code scan). I go to Settings > Carrier > No option to "Set Up Carrier" either.
My carrier Visible told me after many attempts of trouble shooting and back-and-forth with tech agents, They reached the conclusion and resolution that my device is no longer eSIM compatible, which was weird because it's always been using an eSIM since the day I got the phone. They had no other explanations why it wont work with eSIM.
I ended up contacting Amazon where I originally bought the phone as a "Premium Renewed" device and I contacted them as well for tech support and after going through more trouble shooting steps, they told me that the device is defective and that I could initiate a refund if I return the iPhone. So I sent the phone back to Amazon and now waiting for the refund process to proceed.
I hope that someone can help you out and fix the issue, and hopefully Apple developers are going through threads and find yours to help. Good luck.