iPhone and Mac asking 'Enter the password you use to unlock the Mac "Mac Name"' and does not work

I've had this MacBook Pro for a while (Intel version 2.6 GHz 6-Core Intel Core i7) running Ventura 13.1. I logged into it a long time ago, but know all of my passwords. I know my iCloud password and my password to log into the machine. My account is an Admin and I know the password of the account that it was originally set up with (from my work) that is an Admin.

This week, I got a new iPhone 15 Pro and swapped from my Android device. When I tried to sign in to my iPhone, it told me...

Enter Mac Password

Enter the password you use to unlock the Mac "Mac Name".

This password protects your Apple ID, saved passwords, and other data stored in iCloud. Your password is encrypted and cannot be read by Apple.

I typed in every password I would have made it, but cannot get any of them to work. In a desperate attempt to make it work, I told it to reset the encryption. Now, when I go back to my iPhone, it's telling me it won't sync until I type in this Mac Password.

What is the path forward to fix this? I don't have that much stored in iCloud right now as I'm trying to get this working, so I'm ok with fully resetting, but there was no option to give it a new password. It just keeps asking for some other password.