Did you erase the drive before reinstalling macOS? If there are any file system issues with that boot volume, then reinstalling macOS over top of itself without erasing the drive can result in failure and may be why you had problems with booting macOS previously. Erasing the drive will destroy all data on the SSD so I'm glad you have a good backup of your files.
I suggest booting into Internet Recovery Mode using Command + Option + R to attempt to access the online macOS installer for macOS 12.x Monterey which is the most recent OS compatible with your 2015 laptop.
FYI, in the future when you have such an issue with macOS, it would be best to try booting into Safe Mode and to run Disk Utility First Aid on the physical drive and the hidden Container to make sure there are no unfixed errors with the drive or hidden Container (and APFS volumes). It could save you a lot of hassles.
I'm really glad you have backups, since they are extremely important. In fact they are even more critical with the 2018+ model Macs since there are so many more new ways to permanently lose access to your data if you don't have good backups.