I've been searching and hadn't found a workable solution so far, but I was finally able to resolve the problem.
Since the problem suddenly appeared a day or two ago, I expected it was related to syncing files I'd added to iCloud recently. I started looking through iCloud folders with them listed as icons in the view where they are sorted by modification time. The most recently changed files and folders were always at the top. This allowed me to zero in on the folder and finally the problem files. Seeing recently changed folders also reminded me of what I'd dropped into iCloud that could potentially be the problem.
I finally found two files that had a cloud icon with a "!" in it beside each of them. They were two files I'd just added recently.
By dragging them out of iCloud to my Desktop, waiting a few obligatory seconds, and then dropping them back into the folder on iCloud, one at a time (purely out of superstition), I was able to watch each one upload successfully and the pie-chart icon finally fade appropriately.
I wonder if I did something to disturb the original copy or upload of the files and cause the problem. Maybe I moved them to the trash can too quickly after dragging them over. For tiny files on these fast disks it seems unlikely but who knows.
Also, I want to think that if I knew all of the command line tools and options there might be away to find files in this state somehow. Alas, I don't know many commands there beyond the UNIX classics.