Since you apparently only had one trusted device/number you are stuck with account recovery. It takes the time it takes and you will have to wait it out.
It's a good idea to set up an account recovery contact and/or additional numbers where you can get a verification code.
This is from the section "About trusted phone numbers and trusted devices" in the article: Two-factor authentication for Apple ID - Apple Support
To see, add, or change your trusted phone numbers use one of these methods:
● On your iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch: Go to Settings > your name > Password & Security. Next to Trusted Phone Number, tap Edit.
● On a Mac computer choose Apple menu > System Settings (or System Preferences), then click your name (or Apple ID). Click Password & Security, then add or remove a trusted phone number.
● Using a web browser: Go to the Account Security section of https://appleid.apple.com .
Similar information for the iPhone can be found here --> Use two-factor authentication for your Apple ID on iPhone - Apple Support
If you had set up an Account Recovery Contact ( Set up an account recovery contact - Apple Support ) you can also get a code that way.
If you can’t sign in, access a trusted device, reset your password, or receive verification codes, you can request account recovery to regain access to your account. This article explains how to recover your Apple ID after a waiting period - How to use account recovery when you can’t reset your Apple ID password - Apple Support
Read the part where it may take up to 72 hours to get a reply. Also make sure that Apple has the correct contact information for you. Sometimes people use their iCloud addresses as their contact email but then they get messed up when they can't get into their accounts and all their rescue email is being sent to that very account.
You may also wish to read the articles 'Two-factor authentication for Apple ID' ( Two-factor authentication for Apple ID - Apple Support ) and 'Get a verification code and sign in with two-factor authentication' ( Get a verification code and sign in with two-factor authentication - Apple Support ). Various sections contain information that is useful in understanding about the trusted devices (an iPhone, iPad, or Mac that Apple knows is yours) system, and how to get a verification code on a trusted device or at a telephone number.
