Phone stuck on screen saying data recovery cannot be completed

My phone randomly powered off after getting a storage is full notification, then showed a white screen saying "Data recovery cannot be completed" and underneath saying "Please restore your iPhone from backup." I bought my phone used and before this incident I'd get notifications every once in a while saying my phone could not be backed up. I've tried resetting my phone multiple times and it will go back to my normal lock screen but when I enter in my password it'll show a white screen at the bottom saying "Swipe up to recover", and then will show the "Data Recovery cannot be completed.",again. I've tried searching up what to do about this, and almost everything requires a Macbook, and the only one I own is owned by my school district. Will my phone go back to normal, with my data still there if I go to an Apple store for help?