How can I find out where “my location” is on the weather app?
The temperature reported is often not close to what we have at home. I’m wondering where the data is coming from? How close to my actual location is it?
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See the following Apple Support article for information on Weather app locations: Check the weather on iPhone - Apple Support
Note: Weather uses Location Services to get the forecast for your current location. To make sure Location Services is turned on, go to Settings 
> Privacy & Security > Location Services > Weather. Turn on Precise Location to increase the accuracy of the forecast in your current location.
If I open the Weather app on my iPhone while I am in my house and tap the map and then enlarge it (by spreading my fingers) I can enlarge it enough to see that "My Location" on the map is exactly where my house is.
I don't believe that Apple has published any information about how temperature data is obtained or calculated for locations.