I can’t receive calls from Unknown/No Caller ID numbers

My doctor's office has repeatedly attempted to call me from a "No Caller ID" number, but the calls never go through. My phone will ring once - if it rings at all - then I will see that I missed a call from a "No Caller ID" number. If I manage to catch the Incoming Call banner and tap the Accept Call button, I will hear the call get disconnected a moment or two later. The "Silence Unknown Callers" setting is and has always been turned off (see provided screenshot below); I also tried restarting my device and the issue still persists.

I've seen a few other Community posts reporting the same issue, yet I have not seen any resolutions besides checking the aforementioned troubleshooting steps.