Lightning to audio jack adapter confused as dock speaker

Recently, I ordered a lightning to audio jack adapter that worked perfectly fine for my earphones and built-in microphone for live monitoring.

All of a sudden, GarageBand seemed to have switched my preferred microphone all of a sudden, and I can't get any feedback from my built-in one. I have no way of switching my preferred input. And so far, everytime I plug in my adapter, my iPhone detects it as a dock speaker. Headphone safety doesn't even work like it used to on my earphones.

The audio works just fine, but it's much louder and doesn't get limited by Headphone Safety. Nor does my built-in microphone work in calls and live-monitoring (GarageBand and alike). I've tested multiple apps, but to no avail, my lightning adapter is now useless for live monitoring. It works just fine on other devices, like my laptop. But not my iPhone.

Is this a software issue or a hardware issue? How do I fix this? Why was my adapter first considered a lightning adapter, but now a dock speaker?