Try booting into Safe Mode to see if that makes a difference. If this works, then most likely you have some third party software installed that is interfering with the normal operation of macOS.
Try creating a new macOS user account. Log out of the main user account & log into the new user account. How is it behaving now? If this works, then something within your main user account is causing a problem.
Delete the Ethernet item that is shown in the screenshot. Reboot the computer. Now re-add the Ethernet item to see if it works Ok now.
Try connecting with WiFi to make sure you can access the network that way. If not, then your router is having some sort of issue that isn't not fixed with a simple reboot. Maybe check to see if there are any firmware updates available for you router.
Try running the Apple Diagnostics which should boot to the online diagnostics. It would be interesting to see if it is able to do so.