Re: "Hello! I have a feeling this is a storage issue, but I am not sure how to fix it."
Could be a storage issue in iCloud / on your iPhone / On your Mac / or / in your eMail provider's storage.
To see a graph of how much iCloud storage you’re using and which apps and features are using the most storage:
- On your iPhone, iPad or iPod touch, go to Settings > [your name] > iCloud.
- The bar graph shows your overall storage usage.
More info: Check your iCloud storage on any device - Apple Support
Also see: How to: Archive or make copies of the information you store in iCloud - Apple Support for safe-keeping.
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Re: "I was receiving emails about being short on storage, but they always came from what looked like non-legit email addresses... nothing with "icloud" in them"
It may be the email account with your provider (eg: Yahoo / GMail etc.) that has run out of storage ?
Your inbox there may be so full, that it is difficult for the email account to operate smoothly.
You may want to log-in to your account on the email provider's website, and check things out there.
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Re: "The oldest emails in my Icloud mailbox are disappearing.
"It appears I can only have like maybe 50 emails in there at a time".
iCloud will remain in sync with what is happening on your Mac and your devices.
You can always check how much iCloud storage you're using in Settings on your device or on iCloud.com.
and
See how to : Manage your iCloud storage - Apple Support
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You may also want to check the storage on your iPhone:
How to check the storage on your iPhone and iPad - Apple Support
It is wise to back-up everything securely, if you need to make space on your iPhone:
How to back up your iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch - Apple Support
You can also move email messages from your iPhone or iPad to your Mac or PC,
where they no longer count against your iCloud storage.
If needed: See: "Manage space on your iPhone in the article below for tips:
If you need more space for an update on your iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch - Apple Support
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Re: "So, right now, the last email in my inbox is from Friday 2/2. Today is only 2/5 !!!
Where did they go? I search for them and nothing comes up. I NEED them".
For iPhone: See how to: Delete and recover emails in Mail on iPhone - Apple Support
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On Mac : For MacOS Sonoma (or you can choose an earlier MacOS in the linked article below for accurate info):
View deleted emails
Whether you can view and retrieve messages after you delete them depends on how you set options in Mail settings.
- In the Mail app
on your Mac, choose Mail > Settings, then click Accounts. - Select an account, click Mailbox Behaviours, then check the setting for the Bin Mailbox option.
- If a mailbox is specified:
- You can view deleted messages in the Bin mailbox until they’re permanently erased. To retrieve a deleted message, drag it from the Bin mailbox to another mailbox.
- If None is specified: Deleted messages are removed and aren’t available in the Bin mailbox.
Above is from Apple support's article: : Delete emails in Mail on Mac - Apple Support
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For iCloud:
See how to: Recover deleted files on iCloud.com - Apple Support
All the best :-)