Re: "Can’t Download Any Apps All of a Sudden?"
You may want to check you are correctly signed in (to your iPhone) with your Apple ID:
Sign in with your Apple ID - Apple Support
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Re: "recently, when I go to download apps I get caught in this weird loop where it asks for verification whether I have had it before or not".
Some apps (eg: like Garageband) can be updated to the newest compatible version if downloaded before.
However the current latest version may not download to a Mac (or device) that doesn't have the latest MacOS (or iOS) version installed ... ie : is an "incompatibility" issue.
Eg: About iOS 17 Updates - Apple Support
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Re: "I had to sign in, then it makes me go to my billing information and I’m stuck between editing my billing information (which I don’t want to update) and canceling which cancels the download".
Could this be it ?
Find out how to pay an unpaid order:
If a message says 'billing problem with previous purchase' or 'verification required' - Apple Support
or
It may be that your card-provider is not verifying your card for purchases from Apple ?
Eg: If you have disputed a charge from Apple you may now need to authorise your card-provider to allow payments to Apple again.
If your payment method is declined in the App Store or iTunes Store - Apple Support
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Re: Why am I not able to download apps?
Check if any restrictions are set in ScreenTime,
or If using iPhone:
Manage App Store purchases, settings, and restrictions on iPhone - Apple Support
or
What to do:
If you can’t download or update apps - Apple Support
If needed:
Apple Support websites: (info. / support / contact options etc.)
(There is a "Get Support" link (or use the support app) at the bottom of their webpages (links below)
App Store - Official Apple Support
or
Subscriptions and Billing - Official Apple Support