How can I read a CD with stored pictures from my MacBook Pro 14?

1. The Apple USB SuperDrive is reportedly finicky about power. Are you using an Apple-brand adapter – and are you plugging it directly into the Mac, not into a hub or dock?
2. The drive itself won't appear in the Finder. CDs and DVDs with data will – if you set appropriate checkboxes in Finder > {Preferences/Settings} under the General and Sidebar tabs.
3. Catalna and later don't support HFS (no "+"), and may not be able to read CDs created on old Macs.

You may want to try putting a commercial DVD-Video movie disc into the drive.

The Mac will probably start playing the movie on the disc. Whether it does or not, it should mount the DVD and you should see a filesystem with a [.VIDEO_TS] directory. If you can get it to do this, that's a good sign. If you can't get a commercial DVD-Video disc (with a known good filesystem) to show up, that may help to narrow down the list of possible causes of the problem.