With Apple's System on Chip designs, the choice of processor (base, Pro, or Max) appears to affect a lot of things other than just the number of CPU cores, GPU cores, and hardware video engines that you get.
There also seems to be a pretty direct link between the chip level and the amount of RAM you can get, the number of USB-C / Thunderbolt expansion ports you get, and the number of external monitors you can have.
In the current lineup, the big divide is between the 13" and 15" M2 MacBook Airs; and the 14" MacBook Pros based on M3 Pro and M3 Max processors; with the 14" M3 MacBook Pro being "half and half". (Its predecessors, the 13" M1 and M2 MacBook Pros, were more like MacBook Airs than like their 14" MacBook Pro siblings.)
13" and 15" M2 MacBook Airs
- Can be ordered with 8, 16, or 24 GB of RAM (not expandable later)
- Two multi-purpose USB-C (USB, USB4, DisplayPort, Thunderbolt 3, charging) ports
- MagSafe 3 charging port
- Headphone jack
- No HDMI port or SDXC card slot – though it is possible to buy USB-C to HDMI adapters, and USB card readers, from third parties.
- Passive cooling (no fans)
14" MacBook Pros using the M3 Pro and M3 Max processors
- Can be ordered with anywhere from 18 GB to 128 GB of RAM (not expandable later)
- Three multi-purpose USB-C (USB, USB4, DisplayPort, Thunderbolt 4, charging) ports
- MagSafe 3 charging port
- Headphone jack
- HDMI port
- SDXC card slot
- Mini-LED backlit display which can provide high dynamic range for playing back HDR video. Pixels are closer together than on the MacBook Air, so by default, text will be physically smaller. (You can change the Displays Settings to be a notch closer to Larger Text, if that bothers you.)
- Support for up to two (M3 Pro) or three (M3 Max) external displays
- Active cooling (cooling fans)
14" MacBook Pros using the base M3 chip
Like the 14" MacBook Pros based on higher-end chips, they have the mini-LED backlit display, HDMI port, SDXC card slot, and cooling fans.
Like the MacBook Airs, they have only two USB-C (USB4, Thunderbolt 3) ports and support only a single external display.