Kind of tough to know what you advise you because I am confused as to the timing of this. Did you get the message before you tried changing your password (in which case it may well have been phishing), or afterward? I am wondering if these are related at all.
If an app or feature on your device is not working, not appearing, or is restricted (grayed out), it may have been disabled using Screen Time, or by an IT administrator if you are using a device owned by an employer or educational institution.
- Read this support article If your Apple ID or other options are greyed out in Settings —> If your Apple ID is greyed out in Settings - Apple Support
Tap Settings > Screen Time > Content & Privacy > scroll to Allow Changes and turn on.
- If the device is managed (Settings > General > VPN & Device Management), contact the IT department that is doing the managing.
Read this document if you think your Apple ID has been compromised. --> If you think your Apple ID has been compromised - Apple Support
For iOS 15 or earlier, if you want to see if anyone else has access to your device or accounts, click here --> See who has access to your iPhone or iPad - Apple Support
For iOS 16 or later see how Safety Check on iPhone works to keep you safe. How Safety Check on iPhone works to keep you safe - Apple Support
Use the information in this document to check your Apple ID device list to find where you're signed in --> Check your Apple ID device list to find where you're signed in - Apple Support
Related materials:
Personal Safety User Guide
Personal Safety User Guide - Apple Support
> open the Table of Contents and review the articles
A document with general information about security and your Apple ID --> Security and your Apple ID - Apple Support
Contact Apple for help with Apple ID account security. This page provides country-specific Apple Support contact information ➞ Contact Apple for support and service - Apple Support