It's about television remote (Samsung, LG, Panasonic, etc.), that through the magic of HDMI CEC (over HDMI cable) can also control the AppleTV.
Many users in this thread seem to assume that, but that doesn’t make it true. CEC has nothing to do with using a third party remote for the Apple TV box. These are two independent features. By even mentioning CEC, people are looking in the wrong direction, and will never find a solution there. (The tvOS update may still play a role, though. That so many brands were affected around the same time, is a strong indicator for that.)
The third party remote uses IR to send navigation command to the Apple TV box, and also uses IR to send volume control signals to the TV or audio system. The only way to involve CEC in this, is that select AV receivers can understand volume control signals from the Apple TV box, if so configured.
Use other remotes to control Apple TV - Apple Support
Some TV remotes are designed to work additionally for some other devices (e.g. my 2021 Samsung TV remote). If needed, configure through the TV to handoff controls for the active HDMI device. Those settings may require having CEC active, but the commands do not go from TV to Apple TV box; the remote sends commands to the Apple TV box directly. Note that this didn’t work for me anymore after updating to 17.4 initially, until I connected the TV through Bluetooth. CEC kept working fine, though.