Why can’t I download European apps?
while in Europe (where I spend half my year) my App Store doesn’t show any UK apps that I am told to get, and I am not able to change my location without a UK phone number.
iPhone SE, iOS 17
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You only have access to the App Store for the region your Apple ID is connected to. You aren't required, as far as I know, to have a phone number for the region but you do need a billing address and payment instrument billed to that address in the region you want the Apple ID in.
I'm not clear about a couple of things in your post. What region is your Apple ID connected to? Where are you physically located when you're trying to access the UK apps?