I have finally found the reason for overheating and possibly also for unacceptable battery drain under 17.4.1 for my case (iPhone 13 Pro, 17.4.1). The culprit is "Require Attention for Face ID", "Attention-Aware Features" or perhaps both.
I have noticed that overheating always coincides with browsing time, comes from a specific spot in the back of the phone (roughly in the middle) and is not depending on the brightness level, on the connection type (wireless, LTE or 5G) or on the app (different web browsers, different news apps) in use.
One consequence of overheating was that, under 17.4.1, I reached max. 4-5 hours of browsing time (instead of about 10 hours) from a 100% charge and with 92% battery health (down from 98% since I have installed 17.4.1!)
Yesterday evening I came to the idea that the overheating might be caused by the iPhone continuously checking for attention before dimming the display ("Auto-Lock" is set to 30 seconds) because during screen-off times I had neither overheating nor significant battery drain.
As it turns out, switching off "Require Attention for Face ID" and "Attention-Aware Features" has completely solved the overheating problem.
Battery life also seems to be back to normal levels but I will have to check this through a few days of regular usage.
Hope this helps!