Yes, reading a PC-formatted (FAT) 1.44 MB HD floppy containing data files (such as .xls) on a modern Mac should work fine.
However, the problem in the OP's case is that it appears to be a Mac-formatted (HFS) floppy, already containing data files. HFS readability is limited to macOS 10.12 Sierra or macOS 10.14 Mojave according to the tests in the aforementioned article.
Reading Mac data files from an HFS floppy on a Windows computer may be possible via an appropriate (early) version of a PC utility similar to TransMac or MacDrive.
Generally speaking, especially if Mac applications are involved, the best way to read HFS floppies is to locate a pre-1998 Mac computer with a suitable system version, and a built-in floppy drive and Ethernet. If necessary, data files may then be transferred to a more modern Mac or PC (for example) on PC-formatted HD floppies or via a network.