How to transfer a broken iPad to a new one that hasn’t been back up

Unless you are able to restart your iPad to a running state - and successfully enter your Passcode - you'll not be able to recover any data from your iPad.

iPadOS uses an encrypted filesystem. Successful entry of your iPad Passcode unlocks the Secure Enclave (this being your iPad's security chip) within which the only copy of the encryption keys - that are required to access and decrypt your data - are stored.

Unless you have a pre-existing iCloud or iTunes backup of your locally stored data, anything stored on your inoperable iPad will remain beyond reach. However, any data that has been synchronised with iCloud may still be accessible from iCloud itself:

https://icloud.com

Any data synchronised with iCloud will be available to your new iPad if you setup the iPad with the same AppleID that was used with the now inoperable device.

If you value your data, always keep a backup. Backups must be created before disaster strikes - not after.

You use the backups from before your iPad stopped working.

If you didn’t backup, your data is gone.